Rated "AV" (a lawyer's highest possible rating) by Martindale-Hubbel

U.S. Immigration Tools for North American Lawyers

• For Canadian and U.S. immigration lawyers:
  • Coming soon: Grasmick's Manual: How to Practice Immigration Law With a Website. Read about the Manual, Table of Contents, and author. Register for notices.
• For Canadian lawyers: U.S. immigration angles for your clients:
  • Why Worry About U.S. Law?
  • Criminal Law
  • Sales Contracts
  • Corporate Organization
    • New: M&A Due Diligence
  • Tax
• For Canadian lawyers--personal U.S. immigration issues for you:
  • New: How to Practice Law While in the U.S.
    • New: Do You Need a License?

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About the Forthcoming Manual

This manual shows you how to set up and maintain an immigration law web site. The emphasis is on how to actually change and improve your practice, by using this technology.

Your web site can function either:

• as an on-line brochure, or
• as a web site integrated with your law practice -- part of your business model.

This book focuses on the second function. My intent is to share my techniques and help immigration lawyers deliver legal services more efficiently.

The basic assumption of the book, is that the legal profession is one of the most underserved professions in terms of office management resources. Law school does not train lawyers to run law offices. Existing material is basic or repetitive. Only large firms can afford the high cost of outside consultants. It is even more difficult to find materials about how to incorporate Internet technology into an immigration practice. What exists, focuses primarily on basic needs.

There is an abundance of information on the purely technical aspects of creating a Web site. I do not have to add to these materials. Instead, this book, while more abstract than one on "how to create a web site," provides powerful tools for the immigration practitioner.

The Manual's theme is to leverage your practice and enhance your lifestyle. Techniques described in the book are for:

• Efficiency. Achieve productive work through paperwork reduction. Satisfied clients result from better and quicker results.
• Financial health. Higher revenues and less expense.
• Professional satisfaction. Growth in desired areas of legal practice.
• Personal satisfaction. Balanced work and personal life.

I hope the end result will be tangible results from your Internet experience produce. I wish I had this information when I started my web site in 1995!

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Table of Contents, from How to Practice Immigration Law With a Website

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About the Author

Joseph C. Grasmick

Mr. Grasmick has been a practicing lawyer, exclusively in immigration, for over 20 years. He is a founding member of American Immigration Lawyers Association-Upstate NY Chapter. Admitted to practice in both NY and Florida, Martindale-Hubbel gives him an "AV" rating.

Mr. Grasmick was the first lawyer in Western NY to use a web site. The site has won numerous awards. His official county bar publication refers to it as a "star in the world of Internet technology. . .from both a historical perspective and in terms of web site development." It now receives over one million "hits" per month, from over 30,000 monthly visitors. His practice is now 100% Internet-based.

Mr. Grasmick frequently lectures about substantive and technological issues. His publications include 10 editions of the Canada-U.S. Business Immigration Handbook, published by the leading law book publisher in Canada. The 581-page TN Handbook for Canadians--How to Work in the U.S. Under NAFTA, is the first major legal work to widely appear in e-book format.

Joe Grasmick graduated cum laude from the SUNY at Buffalo law school. While there, he served as senior Law Review editor while simultaneously earning his master's degree in anthropology.

His international legal expertise developed during many years of overseas experience. This included the Peace Corps and international legal study in Mexico and Europe. He served stints as a Fulbright scholar, Ford Foundation Intern, OAS fellow and Interamerican Foundation research fellow. He also served assignments with the International Labor Organization, Survival International, the Anti-Slavery Society and United Nations/ECOSOC Commission on Human Rights Subcommission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities.

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Why Worry About U.S. Law?

Send your client to this site. Recommend-It(tm)

Any lawyer assisting Canadian clients with potential business or personal interests in the U.S.A. must take U.S. immigration law into account. U.S. immigration laws need not detract from client interests. Without planning, however, U.S. immigration law can be a serious bother. This page enumerates some U.S. immigration law issues of which a Canadian lawyer should be aware. You must know these issues to maintain a minimum level of professional responsibility and client service--even if you practice only in Canada.

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Criminal Law

For criminal lawyers representing any Canadian.

Individuals convicted of criminal offenses can face harsh consequences under U.S. Immigration Laws. They can be prohibited from entering the country--even as tourists. It doesn't matter when the conviction occurred. Even if 10 or 20 years ago, the bar is permanent. A complex statutory formula exists to ascertain the exact immigration effect of a given criminal conviction.

Some of the factors taken into account in the formula, and either added or subtracted in different ways to produce the final result, are the following:

There are two possible results of this analysis. The conviction may have no effect on an individual's ability to enter or remain in the U.S. On the other hand, it could bar your client permanently from entering the country.

• The number of offenses (counts) involved; whether or not the crime was committed five years after entry into the U.S.
• Whether or not the offense involves narcotics and, if so, the amount and nature of the narcotic substance.
• Ability to obtain a dismissal under the First Offender Act or a pardon.
• The nature of the punishment imposed.
• The defendant's prior criminal record.

Each case requires a careful analysis of the Canadian criminal code and how the code interacts with the U.S. law. See the TN Handbook for a large list of common violations and their immigration effect.

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Sales Contracts

For lawyers who draft contracts and who specialize in international commercial transactions.

Under the Free Trade Agreement, employees of Canadian companies can enter the United States without applying for special work permission in order to service, install, and maintain machinery purchased outside the U.S. They do so under a B-1 permit.

The contract can be executed in Canada. There is no limit on the amount of time these employees can spend in the U.S. However, to take advantage of this, a carefully worded provision must be placed in the contract, requiring the presence of these employees. Without such a clause, the employees may have to undergo a time-consuming and uncertain application process.

Be careful in counseling client to take sales contracts and other legal documents with them when going to the U.S. Make sure that your client has the appropriate U.S. immigration work status. Customs and immigration officers may review these documents. These officers may see these documents as evidence of your client's intent to perform services in the United States. If so, the U.S. immigration will not allow your client to enter the U.S. and will make the appropriate notation in their computers to prevent future entries. Contact me for assistance.

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Corporate Organization

For lawyers representing clients undergoing a merger, acquisition, reorganization, or new stock issuance. General and employment counsel for Canadian companies expanding in the U.S.

The corporate structure of a company can have an important bearing on the ability of executives to successfully receive permission to work in, or immigrate to, the United States.

Work permission is extremely important. This is because the success of the U.S. operations often hinges on the ability of these key officers to travel to the U.S.

Corporate reorganization can turn managers already in the U.S., into "illegal aliens"!

Failure to structure the ownership of the company correctly in Canada, or establish the appropriate type of Canadian business entity, could instantly -- and perhaps irreversibly -- deny these employees the ability to travel and work in the U.S.

On the other hand, with advance planning, your clients can easily travel and work in the U.S. For example, senior employees of Canadian companies are eligible for temporary or permanent immigration to the United States in order to work for a U.S. branch, affiliate, or subsidiary. This is under the L-1 permit. "Affiliate" and "subsidiary" are strictly defined, and largely depend on how shares of the company are issued.

When counseling your international client about a proposed merger or acquisition, consider the immigration impact before serious negotiations develop. Consult with our office if you would like.

The corporate employee organizational chart is also important. For example, prospective L-1 or permanent transfers should have other managers or university degree professionals report to them. This structure must be in existence at the time of the visa application. This is to fulfill one of the basic requirements in the regulations.

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M&A Due Diligence

Here is a general checklist of items to assemble when performing "due diligence" in the immigration context:

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Tax

For lawyers specializing in corporate or personal income taxation.

Advance planning is essential if employees of Canadians are to receive the most beneficial treatment when performing services in the U.S. Companies should minimize the tax bite of a transfer and should consider an equalization program.

This is especially important for Canadians taking up residency in the United States. Tax counsel must assist their clients to identify and select the appropriate immigration and tax status. Timing is extremely important.

U.S. federal income treatment of a foreign-born individual depends on whether the taxpayer is a resident or non-resident for taxation purposes. The difference in tax liability can be substantial.

Tax residents - just like U.S. citizens - are subject to tax on their worldwide income. Non-residents are subject only to liability on U.S. sources of income or foreign source income connected with a U.S. trade or business.

Although residency for tax purposes is not the same as permanent residency for immigration purposes, immigration status can be the most important element in determining this tax status.

For example, an immigrant/permanent resident may automatically be considered to be a resident for tax purposes. On the other hand, a temporary non-immigrant visitor (B-1) may be considered a tax non- resident. Other visas--including permanent commuter status for Canadians and non-immigrant visas (L-1, E-2, etc.) -- allow the taxpayer some flexibility in determining if and when tax resident liability on worldwide income will accrue.

Taxation planning is especially important for Canadians since they are subject to similar income tax laws. Although a Canada-U.S. treaty reduces the impact of double taxation, careful timing of immigration status is necessary to avoid simultaneous disadvantageous tax impact in both countries. This is particularly important in a non-U.S. citizen's initial years in the U.S., during transition to U.S. tax residency status.

Tax planning is also important for U.S. permanent residents. The immigration service can lift a person's U.S. "green card" if that person files a tax return as a Canadian resident, and not as a U.S. resident.

This site's Tax and Financial forum is a good source of information for these issues.

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How to Practice Law While in the U.S.

I often receive telephone calls from Canadian lawyers, who have personal U.S. immigration questions. These people usually want to do one of the following:

• interview a U.S. client,
• work as co-counsel on one U.S. case,
• take up a clerkship, or
• practice law part- or full-time in the U.S.

Most immigration issues are, of course, not specific to the legal profession. To ascertain your eligibility for U.S. entry and work, start with the:

• Visa Selector,
• TN Handbook, and
• Complete List.

One issue is more specific to lawyers--the vexing TN requirement of bar admission in a U.S. jurisdiction. For that reason, I single out that issue in the next section.

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Do You Need a License?

In addition to the academic, professional and employment requirements on the TN list, there is a general requirement that you are ready and able to perform the functions of the job description in the U.S. This requirement applies to all TNs. If a license or certificate is required in the state where you are going to do what you say you are going to do, you need that piece of paper, even if the requirement does not appear on the TN list.

This is confusing. You may meet the licensing requirement on the TN list (e.g., called to the Ontario Bar), but may not meet the across-the-board requirement (e.g. admitted to practice in California.)

Many who consult with me are dismayed. They thought they met the list requirements but were turned away at the border. "Where was the requirement on the list?" they ask.

The INS shares our confusion. A high-level official at one of the busiest Canadian airports complains that the law and regulations are "inconsistent" on the issue of whether a U.S. license is required for certain TN categories.

First let us look at the general rule from the NAFTA guidelines in Appendix 7:

Qualifications. The NAFTA professional must meet the following general criteria:

Meet applicable license requirements. To practice a licensed profession, Canadian and Mexican entrants must meet all applicable requirements of the state in which they intend to practice.

Note: In certain circumstances, although a profession may generally require licensing, there may be duties within the occupation that do not require licensing. For example, an architect must be licensed to sign architectural plans, etc. but not all professional-level duties of an architect require licensure (an architect can work on development of plans but be precluded from signing the plans).

Similarly, a dentist requires a license in the U.S. to practice dentistry but if a Canadian citizen is coming to the U.S. as a TN to give a seminar on dentistry, no U.S. license would be necessary. The Canadian may establish qualifications as a dentist by showing a provincial license or a D.D.S., D.M.D., Doctor en Odontologia en Cirugia Dental.

This is analogous to the lawyer who seeks admission as a TN to offer professional-level legal advice about Canadian law but who is not going to practice before any state bar in the U.S. This Canadian citizen would need only to establish qualification as a lawyer. A J.D. or provincial bar membership could suffice.

Now, let us see how the rules actually work for Canadian lawyers.

Kenneth K. Copland wants to know if he will have a problem at the port of entry. He is about to accept a position as an in-house counsel for a California company. His duties will be strictly in-house. His primary function will be to facilitate a new Canadian division for the company. He will also file international applications to protect intellectual property. The California State Bar indicates it does not have to admit him before he can practice in California. The employer does not require said admittance.

This is what I told him:

The question the INS (and I) would ask is how can you practice law without admission to any U.S. bar. Is it because you will not really practice law, but will do other functions not requiring a lawyer? Is it true Californians can get out of taking the bar exam by working "in-house"? (In which case this must be a very popular career path for law students!)

You said that you are about to accept a position as an in-house counsel for a California company. Your duties will be strictly in-house. You will primarily facilitate the opening of a Canadian division for this company. The California State Bar is indicating that you do not need to be admitted for practice in California for this position and your employer does not require admittance to the state bar. This sounds like a good argument. You will "advise corporate clients concerning transactions of business involving internal affairs, stockholders, directors, officers, and corporate relations with general public." Your job "includes representing . . . organizations . . . and the preparation of legal documents." These are valid job duties for "lawyer" included in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. (See Appendix 11 of the TN Handbook.)

Here are some other options:

Does California have a "foreign legal counsel" license you could quickly get and use? Then you would have a license.

Do you even need a TN work permit, if you are setting up the Canadian division and filing patents internationally? You could argue that if California says you do not need a license, they are saying you are not practicing law in California. If you are not practicing law, you are not working. You would come into the U.S. as a temporary visitor.

Become a TN management consultant. We were able to receive a TN and renew it for a Canadian lawyer setting up the internal regulatory compliance department for an Asian pharmaceutical company.

I hear reports of Canadians coming into the U.S. on TN status to work as unlicensed "law clerks" under the supervision of licensed lawyers. Nevertheless, before recommending this course of action I would ask whether the "state may allow an individual to fully practice a profession under the supervision of licensed senior or supervisory personnel in that profession." In states where I have practiced law, there is no formal procedure for granting an interim "law intern" license. In those states, at least, obtaining a TN would be difficult.

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